Handicapped persons have a sub-normal pattern of life
Disability means that the any condition of the body or mind (impairment) that makes it difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities and interact with the world around them.
Handicapped in the special education:
Handicapped are relates to the disadvantages experiment in the society by the individual. As a result of his/her disability. It is basically society and the physical environment what makes people handicapped. Not all impairments result in disabilities.
Handicapped person:
Someone who is handicapped has a physical or mental disability that prevents them living a totally normal life. Many people who have a disability find this word offensive some people refer to people who are handicapped as the handicapped.
What are the problems of the handicapped?
According to my view point that the feeling of being incompetent. Disabled people need more time for to do anything or particular work than the other normal people.
The disability barriers stop to him from performing basic tasks with ease. This makes the person with disability that he is pulling his mates down and if filled with sorrow and anger.
The problems which faced by the handicapped people and their solution for to overcome the difficulties:
Accessibility:
The world around us in is not a walk in the park. We have to face several obstacles in every step we have taken. This is much worse for physically disabled people. They mostly move around in wheelchairs or us crutches. So, moving around freely is not a luxury that they can offered. Moreover, the public places that we have are rarely made keeping in mind the comfort of people with disabilities. There are no ramps, or the hallways too narrow for them to move. Nowadays, many wheelchairs are automated and the buildings are constructing a private residential elevator to make the movement of the disabled people a little bit easier.
Education:
Education is the most important and basic right for all human being in a refer world, education would be free and available to everyone as dreamed. A large number of children with disabilities remain out of school and thus they are deprived of basic education. They are not able to run the race of life like the other normal children.
Access to healthcare:
In a country of 103 billion people that health care system is already very stretched or very bad poor people do not have access to proper healthcare and the people with disabilities are worse off. Often people with intellectual disabilities are mistreated by the health workers and this makes matters worse.
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Feeling of being ignored:
When we interact with a physically challenged person it does not means that the he is also suffering from visual or hearing impairment. This thought progress often stops us from interacting and communicating with such people.
Lake of employment:
Employment of any citizen is based upon his education and skills he has picked up along the way. When these people are deprived of basic education, they are bound to fall behind other candidates for that job.
Feeling of being incompetent:
Disabled people need more time to do a particular work than other normal people. The disability barriers stop him from performing basic tasks with ease. This makes the person with disabilities that he is pulling his mates down and if filled with sorrow and anger.
Teased and abused:
Often people find satisfactions in putting down others. They find superiority in bulling the weak and under privilege. Disabled people often find themselves at the receiving end of such violent and disgusting actions.
Relationships:
Human beings are complicated. They are judge other on a set of parameters that may or may be not apply to all situations. These prejudices are the root cause of all mistrust and misunderstanding. Most disabled persons are desired as life partners this often brings sadness and loneliness to their lives.
What we should do for disabled people?
All these issues can be dealt with if people become more and understanding and have patience when they deal with the disabled people. Work for disabled should be made available this will give them financial independence and provide them with satisfaction in life. We should make our surroundings more accessible to disabled people. The homes for disabled should be designed in such a way that is more comforting to them. All these issues can be dealt with if people become more understanding and have patience when they deal with the people with special needs. Work for disabled should be made available, this will give them financial and independence and provide them with satisfaction in life. We should make more our surroundings more accessible to disabled people. The homes for disabled should be designed in such a way that it is more comforting to them. Also, no matter how small the contribution is, one can always help the needy in their own little ways.
Self- concept is the image that we have of involves. How exactly does self-image from and change over time? This image develops in a number of ways but is particularly influenced by our interactions with important people in our lives.
Self-concept
Self- concept is generally thought as our individual perceptions of our behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics a mental picture of who are as a person. For example, beliefs such as I am good friend, I am a kind person are of an overall self- concept. Self-concept tends to be more malleable when people are younger and still going through the process of self-concept discovery and identity formation. As people age, self-perceptions become much more detailed and organized as people from a better idea of who they are and what is important to them.
When the disabled individuals lack independence or feel that they cannot live fully, issues can arise. For example, disabled people may have experience depression and social isolation as a result of their limitations they may also experience financial instability as a result of their mental or physical instability as a result of their mental or physical limitations.
Self-concept beings to develop in early childhood. This process continuous throughout the lifespan. However, it is between early childhood and adolescence that self-concept experiences the most growth. By age 2, children being to differentiate themselves from others. By the age of 3 and 4, children understand that they are separate and unique selves. At this stage, a child’s self-image is largely descriptive, based mostly on physical characteristics or concrete details. Yet children increasingly pay attention to their capabilities, and by 6 years old, children can communicate what they want and need. They are also starting to define themselves in terms of social groups.
Improving self-concept in children learning with special need:
Literacy issues don’t just effect in classroom. They can have a wide-spread and painful impact on the children. Research shows that the children with learning disabilities are especially likely to suffer from self-esteem issues. As parents, we all want to able to do something to help when our children hurt. The good news is that there are some very specific things that the adults in their lives can do to help develop a positive self- concept.
Focus on the individual for feel special them:
Just one adult who makes a child feel special and appreciated can have dramatically improve that the child resilience their ability to bounce back from diversity. Show your child you value her as she is. Set aside special alone time with him each week -time when phones are turned off and you are actively engaged in something he enjoys.
Facilitates about the problems solving skills:
Nothing fosters self-concept or self-confidence liked developing good problems- solving abilities. Help your child come up with coping strategies for dealing with daily struggles. Many times, as parents we rush in with our own solutions-often exacerbating rather than solving the problem. Ask your child what he thinks would help. If he is stumped, help him generate a list of potential responses. Try to come up specific, workable solutions that fit your child personality. Here’s a nice problem- solving to help get your started.
Promote individual responsibility for choice:
Everyone struggles when they learn something new. Its important that to explain to students with special needs that they are not necessarily struggling because they have to learn disability: they may be struggling because the information is difficult. this helps to reassure students who may be sensitive to their slower rate of learning. Tacking a challenge provides a wonderful chance to gain self-esteem: if students keep trying until they accomplish a goal, their self-esteem increases. Sometimes, the harder the goal, the greater the boost to self-esteem will be. The key to helping students with disabilities preserve is to break a difficult task into smaller steps to reach a larger goal.
Facilitates self-praise:
It is easy for the child struggling in school to forget that she has strengths areas she excels. Make a list of all the things that your child does well and post it in a place where you see it often. Find ways to highlight these things display her artwork on the fridge, never miss a soccer game, or compliment his generosity in front of others. Pay attention to character traits like determination and kindness to offset the outcome- based measures that can make your child feel inferior to her peers.
Helps youth set realistic goals:
Understand that the what your child can reasonably be expected to accomplish. Accept the problem so that you are able to truly accept your child as he is. Children take their emotional cues from the adults around them. If you can accept it, it means that it is acceptable. Help your child understand the nature of his learning problems as well. Misconceptions can be a great source of pain for children. Realistic expectations help her develop a sensor of control and that is a cornerstone of self- esteem.
Have them contribute emphasize the positivity:
Self-concept is the boosted when children are allowed to contribute to their world and to the well-being of others. One of the most effective ways to improve self-worth and motivation is to send the message that they have something of value to offer; that they can improve the lives of others. Give your child jobs at home to encourage a sense of responsibility and accomplishment. Help her find ways to volunteer in the community. Watching a child struggle to keep up with his peers is heartbreaking for parents. But you are not powerless. there are ways can you can help. Use these strategies to help your child become strong, resilient and self-confidence.
Mental retardation:
Intellectual disability, once called mental retardation, is characterized by below- average intelligence or mental disability and a lack of skills necessary for day by day living. People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn new skills, but they learn them more slowly.
Etiology of mental retardation and its characteristics:
A number of environmental, genetic or multiple factors such as poverty, malnutrition, mental drug and alcohol use as well as serve stimulus deprivation can contribute to MR.
⦁ Main causes of mental retardation:
⦁ Congenital infections
⦁ Exposure of the fetus to harmful substances
⦁ Complications of during pregnancy or labor
⦁ Malnutrition in the fetus or infant
⦁ Illness or injury during childhood
⦁ Genetic factors causing chromosomal, metabolic, or neurological diseases.
What are the preventive measures of mental retardation?
Health and family planning, recognition of at-risk situations, genetic counselling, prenatal care, antenatal diagnosis, neonatal screening and pediatric care are just a few of the preventive actions to safe-guard the birth of normal children and secure normal mental development.
How should to prevent the mental retardation:
Pregnant women should avoid the containing infectious disease as rubella or German measles, Menin gist and syphilis because this may damage the nervous system of the fetus.
Pregnant women and those women who are planning to get for pregnancy should not smoke and take drugs, since the chemical substances can penetrate the placenta and can cause damage in the development of the brain in fetus.
During pregnancy the mother must eat the best possible diet since her child like and health is at stake.
Consult your doctor periodically because any problem that may occur will be more easily solved.
Avoid stress exercise regularly and meditate if possible. Behavioral pattern of disabled children:
Behavioral disorders involve a pattern of disruptive behaviors in the children that last for at least 6 months and cause problems in school, at home and in social situations. Nearly everyone shows that the some of these behaviors at times, but behavior disorders are more serious. Behavioral disorders may involve: inattention.
Disability effect of behavior:
Challenging behavior is not a learning disability, but the people with disability are more likely to show challenging behavior. This can be due to people having difficulty communicating and depressing frustrations.
Behavioral characteristics:
Behavioral characteristics are based on the behavior of the person. Voice, signature, keystroke dynamics gaits etc. traits fall under the behavioral characteristics.
A pattern of strength and weaknesses:
A pattern of strengths and weaknesses is that the one approach for determining specific learning disabilities. As opposed to the old-school discrepancy modal that which tells clinicians if a student is performing moor poorly than expected PSW seeks to determine why a student is performing poorly. A strengths and weaknesses analysis can also be called a personal swot analysis. Probing your own strengths and weaknesses will clarify want the best next step is and now you can improve yourself. It will also tell you more on where you would like to work and when you would be able to prove yourself more.
Comparing assessments tools and methods or techniques:
There are two types or techniques of assessments which we discuss and compare in the below.
(1) Formative assessments
(2) Summative assessments
Formative assessments:
Interactive classroom discussions, self-assessments, warm-up quizzes, mid semester evaluations, exit quizzes monitor student learning. These are short term, as they are most applicable when students are in the process of making sense of new content and applying it to what they already know. The most striking feature of these types of assessments is the immediate feedback, which helps the students make changes to their understanding of the material and allows to the teacher to gauge student understanding and adapt to the needs of the students.
These types of assessments often do not carry any credit associated with the student grade.
Summative assessments:
Summative assessments that the evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit by comparing it against some standard or benchmark. These assessments are formal and have a direct impact on the student grades.
The feedback to the student may be extremely limited.
Generally, students do not have the opportunity to re-take the assessment.
The results of these assessments can help the students understand where they stand in the class by comparing grades and if applicable, by the looking at the descriptive statistics such as average median and standard deviation.
Socio- economic pressure:
Socio-economic pressure occurs when a society or country is facing undesirable economic times. Socio-economic status is that the social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation. Examinations of socio-economic status often reveal inequities in access to resources, plus issues related to privilege, power and control. For example, economic pressure occurs during a recession, when unemployment rates are higher than the usual, or after a period of cost increases. Socioeconomic pressures population increase combined with changed consumption pattern are the major drivers of the pressures on land and water systems.
Social economic factors:
Social economic factors are that the lifestyle components and measurements of both financial viability and social standing. They directly influence social privilege and levels of financial independence. Factors such as health status income environment and education are studied by sociologists in terms of how they each affect human behavior and circumstances. They are the social and economic
Income and occupation:
One’s income and corresponding occupation are factors that can contribute to the socioeconomic status. A career in person in a higher income bracket while also making that same person part of social class of doctor’s nurses and other the medical fields.
Health and lifestyle:
Health is one of the most important and major factors of socioeconomic.it is a definite measurement of socioeconomic factors poor or bad health, whether brought on by genetic predispositions, accidents or lifestyle chose is able to render a person stagnant. Illness can hinder the progress in term of education and employment option.
Education:
Among socioeconomic factors in education. One’s level of education can shape how he and she view the world and can contribute to social growth. It can lead to increased earning capacity, which in turn can contribute to quality-of-life issues.
Employment:
The employment is the most important factor of socioeconomic. Your employment is your job. What do you for a living? Your employment status and your particular occupation have a large and effective impact on your health.
Environment.
The environment does not have to determine socioeconomic status but is often a reflection of it. An adult may have chosen to live in a lower income neighborhood in order to save money or rent. The same person may also choose to socialize with workmates instead of neighbors.
Role of community base supportive programs:
Community based programs:
Community based or locally based program is that the provide families with access to critical resources and services in the supportive environments that enhance projective factors. Community based programs are independent social activities, functions, opportunities and serve that help individuals with developmental or physical disabilities assimilate and integrate into society. These resources can help agencies work with families, stakeholders, and services provides to create strong, community-based collaborative programs.
The role of community-based programs:
The purpose of community-based program is that plan implement and monitor social and economic developmental programs and provide technical and financial help to the communicates. CBOS positively affects the process of rural change. increase income improvement in health, nutrition and literacy status of the populations.
Community based healthcare is for people of the all ages who need health care assistance at home. Community care services include home support, nursing psychotherapy and other rehabilitation services. For example, a nurse visits an elder person at home to help with medication.
Community-based organization can identify and address risk factors such as poor self-care skills, environmental hazards, or protection, mental health challenges, or difficulty with medication management that can have a significant impact on health care spending.
Importance or advantages of community- based programs:
The community- based programs or services very important, for the keeping children in their homes, neighborhood schools and local communities has a positive effect on the child and family well-being. Moving in many cases, generates unnecessary stress for the already traumatized child. The main strengths of these programs were the presence of the spirit of empathy and high motivation in working for community absorbing the community empowerment presence of female volunteers, using local volunteers, certain of social prestige and evidence-based decision making for community.
Data analysis:
Data analysis was manually done using the inductive deductive content analysis method based on the study objectives. Initially, each tape recorded, interviews were transcribed. Transcribed were read and then coded. In the phase codes that had similar concepts were categorized and classified base on the advantages of these programs. Then the extracted concepts were divided into two sections, based on the Locality of the implementation of the program; governmental organizations and the nongovernmental organizations.
Ethical considerations:
Ethical considerations including the acquisition of the informed consent for all participants prior to the study maintaining the anonymity of the participants the confidentially of information and to withdraw from the study were considered.
Result:
In this study, strengths points of community participatory health programs based on the locality of the implementation of the programs as governmental organization and the nongovernmental organizations were presented.
